Software Development in India
Software Technology Parks of India
Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) is a
government agency in India, established in 1991 under the Ministry
of Communications and Information Technology, that manages the
Software Technology Park scheme. It is an export oriented scheme
for the development and export of computer software, including
export of professional services. It provides physical infrastructure,
including dedicated high speed connectivity to technology parks,
freedom for 100% foreign equity investment and tax incentives. STPI
provides the physical hosting for National Internet Exchange of India.
STPI claims that it has played a seminal role in India earning a
reputation as an information technology superpower. More than 6,000
businesses are registered under the STPI umbrella, with 36% growth
by value in 2005-06 exports over the previous year. The state with
the largest export contribution was Karnataka (see Bangalore).
STP schemes are for providing facilities to IT industry to underatke
software development and IT enabled services for 100% exports using
data communication links in form of physical exports icluding
exports of professional services
Excerpt from "Software Technology Parks of India." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.
14 Sep 2006, 05:06 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 28 Oct 2006
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software_Technology_Parks_of_India&oldid=75648410 Software
Software fundamentally is the unique image or
representation of physical or material alignment that constitutes
configuration to or functional identity of a machine, usually a
computer. As a content of memory, software in principle can be
changed without the adjustment to the static paradigm of the
hardware thus without the remanufacturing thereof. Commonly
software is of an algorithmic form which translates into being
to a sequence of machine instructions. Some software, however,
is of a relational form which translates into being the map of
a realization network (see VHDL).
Software is a program that enables a computer to perform a
specific task, as opposed to the physical components of the
system (hardware). This includes application software such as
a word processor, which enables a user to perform a task, and
system software such as an operating system, which enables other
software to run properly, by interfacing with hardware and with
other software.
The term "software" was first used in this sense by John W. Tukey
in 1957. In computer science and software engineering, computer
software is all computer programs. The concept of reading different
sequences of instructions into the memory of a device to control
computations was invented by Charles Babbage as part of his difference
engine. The theory that is the basis for most modern software was
first proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers
with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem.
Excerpt from "Computer software." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.
25 Oct 2006, 12:59 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 27 Oct 2006
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_software&oldid=83627420 Company (Law)
In law, a company refers to a legal entity formed
which has a separate legal identity from its members, and is ordinarily
incorporated to undertake commercial business. Although some jurisdictions
refer to unincorporated entities as companies, in most jurisdictions
the term refers only to incorporated entities. It has been judicially
remarked that "the word company has no strictly legal meaning", but is
taken to mean a specific form of entity created under the laws of the
relevant jurisdiction. Because of the limited liability of the members
of the company for the company's debts and the separate personality and
tax treatment of the company, it has become the most popular form of
business vehicle in most countries in the world.
...
Types
There are various types of company that can be formed in different
jurisdictions, but the most common forms of company are:
- a company limited by shares. The most common form of company used
for business ventures.
- a company limited by guarantee. Commonly used where companies are
formed for non-commercial purposes, such as clubs or charities. The
members guarantee the payment of certain (usually nominal) amounts if
the company goes into insolvent liquidation, but otherwise they have
no economic rights in relation to the company .
- a company limited by guarantee with a share capital. A hybrid entity,
usually used where the company is formed for non-commercial purposes, but
the activities of the company are partly funded by investors who expect
a return.
- an unlimited liability company. A company where the liability of
members for the debts of the company are unlimited. Today these are only
seen in rare and unusual circumstances.
The foregoing types of company are generally formed by registration under
applicable companies legislation. Less commonly seen types of companies are:
- charter corporations. Prior to the passing of modern companies legislation,
these were the only types of companies. Now they are relatively rare, except
for very old companies that still survive (of which there are still many,
particularly many British banks), or modern societies that fulfil a quasi
regulatory function (for example, the Bank of England is a corporation formed
by a modern charter).
- statutory companies. Relatively rare today, certain companies have been
formed by a private statute passed in the relevant jurisdiction.
- companies formed by letters patent. Most corporations by letters patent
are corporations sole and not companies as the term is commonly understood
today.
In legal parlance, the owners of a company are normally referred to as the
"members". In a company limited by shares, this will be the shareholders.
In a company limited by guarantee, this will be the guarantors.
Some offshore jurisdictions have created special forms of offshore company
in a bid to attract business for their jurisdictions. Examples include
"segregated portfolio companies" and restricted purpose companies.
There are however, many, many sub-categories of types of company which
can be formed in various jurisdictions in the world.
Companies are also sometimes distinguished for legal and regulatory purposes
between public companies and private companies. Public companies are companies
whose shares can be publicly traded, often (although not always) on a
regulated stock exchange. Private companies do not have publicly traded
shares, and often contain restrictions on transfers of shares. In some
jurisdictions, private companies have maximum numbers of shareholders.
Excerpt from "Company (law)." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.
27 Oct 2006, 15:42 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 28 Oct 2006
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Company_%28law%29&oldid=84063393 India
India [...], officially the Republic
of India [..], is a country in South Asia. It is the
seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second most populous
country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world. India
has a coastline of over seven thousand kilometres and borders Afghanistan
and Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east;
and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. India is in the vicinity of the
Indian Ocean nations of Sri Lanka, Maldives, Indonesia and Thailand.
...
Economy
The economy of India is the fourth largest in the world as measured by
purchasing power parity (PPP), with a GDP of US $3.63 trillion. When
measured in USD exchange-rate terms, it is the twelfth largest in the
world, with a GDP of $785.47 billion or Rs 35,34,615 crore in 2005, as
calculated by the World Bank. India is the second fastest growing
major economy in the world, with a GDP growth rate of 9.3%, and annual
Industrial production change of 12.4%, as of the first quarter of 2006.
Wealth distribution in India, a developing country, is fairly uneven,
with the top 10% of income groups earning 33% of all income.[20] India's
per capita income (PCI) of US$ 3,400 is ranked 122nd in the world. It
is calculated by the IMF that by 2007, the Indian economy will be ranked
3rd measured by PPP, See : List of countries by GDP estimates for 2007
(PPP)
For most of its democratic history, India adhered to a quasi-socialist
approach, with strict government control over private sector participation,
foreign trade, and foreign direct investment. Starting from 1991, India
has gradually opened up its markets through economic reforms by reducing
government controls on foreign trade and investment. Privatisation of
public-owned industries and some sectors to private and foreign players
has continued amid political debate.
India has a labour force of 496.4 million of which 60% is employed in
agriculture or agriculture-related industries which contributes to only
about 22% of the GDP, 17% in mainstream industry and 23% in service
industries. India's agricultural produce includes rice, wheat, oilseed,
cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes. Major industries include textiles,
chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement,
mining, petroleum and machinery.
India's large English speaking middle-class has contributed to the
country's growth in Business Process Outsourcing (BPO). It is becoming
a major base for US tech companies for future targeted research &
development, including the likes of Google, IBM, and Microsoft. All
this has helped the services sector to increase its share of the economy
to approximately 50%.
India is also a major exporter of financial, research and technology
services. India's most important trading partners are the United States,
China, UK, Singapore, Hong Kong, the United Arab Emirates, Switzerland
and Belgium.
Excerpt from "India." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.
28 Oct 2006, 08:30 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 28 Oct 2006
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India&oldid=84204346
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